If you use a quotation from an author, summarize or paraphrase another person’s ideas or research, you must identify (cite) the source of that information within the body of your paper. These citations are called parenthetical or in-text citations because the citation may be in parentheses at the end of the quotation or paraphrase.
|
Source |
First Citation (author/title is named in the sentence |
Subsequent Citation (author/title has been previously named in the text |
Parenthetical Citation (author/title is not named in the sentence) |
|
No Author |
Short Title (2009) “Article Title” (2007) |
|
(Short Title, 2009) (“Article Title”, 2009) |
|
One Author |
Shaw (1992) wrote, |
Shaw (1992) |
(Shaw, 1992) |
|
Two Authors |
Spellman and Whiting state (2005)… |
Spellman and Whiting (2005) |
(Spellman & Whiting, 2005) |
|
3-5 Authors |
The study by Knight, Jones, Cline, Brown and Whitesell (2009) |
Knight et al. (2009) |
(Knight, Jones, Cline, Brown & Whitesell, 2009) |
|
6+ Authors |
Goupta et al. (2010) found that… |
Goupta et al. (2010) |
(Goupta et al. 2010) |
|
Corporate Author |
Department of Children and Family Services (DFACS, 2009) |
DFACS (2009) |
(Department of Children and Family Services [DFACS], 2009) |
|
Multiple Authors |
Several studies (Knight, 2010; Jones and Brown, 2009; Cline and Whitesell, 2010) |
|
(Knight, 2010; Jones and Brown, 2009; Cline and Whitesell, 2010) |
|
Secondary Source |
Shaw’s writings (as cited in Johnson, 2005) |
|
Shaw’s writings (as cited in Johnson, 2005)
|
|
Exact quote or specific part of a source |
Whitesell and Brown (2005, p.116) |
|
(Whitesell and Brown, 2005, p. 116) |
|
Personal communication |
F. Garcia (personal communication, Dec. 20, 2010) |
|
(F. Garcia, personal communication, Dec. 20, 2010) |
*table based on Basic Citation Styles (Table 6.1, p. 177) in the APA Manual.
Direct Quotations
If the quotation is less than 40 words, enclose it in double quotation marks.
Example:
According to the Anti-Defamation League, "fewer than half offer guidance about whether schools may intervene in bullying involving 'electronic communication,' which almost always occurs outside of school and most severely on weekends" (Hoffman, 2010, p.5).
For quotations longer than 40 words, display text in a freestanding block. Quotations longer than 40 words are not enclosed in quotation marks. Start the block text on a new line and indent 1/2" from the margin.
Example:
Martha Kanter (2009) states that the U.S. Department of Education wants to:
create and improve existing policies, including student financial aid, greater transparency and
efforts to determine what works in American higher education….provide more
financial support to students and serve as a “bully pulpit” for change. (p.9)