When writing a paper, you will need to provide in-text citations (sometimes called parenthetical citations) for quotes, summaries, and to give credit for ideas. Every in-text citation must have a corresponding entry in the reference list, unless you are told otherwise (examples include personal communications and citing an entire website). There are two ways to cite in-text.
For more guidelines, view sections Chapter 8 in the Publication Manual or consult the APA Style page on In-Text Citations.
APA requires that you provide two pieces of information for an in-text citation:
A page number is required for direct quotes, and encouraged for paraphrasing.
You will incorporate this information two ways into your text: parenthetically or narratively.
Use the last name of the author for your in-text citation.
In-Text Citation: (Matthews, 2010, p. 14)
You will list up to two authors in an in-text citation, separated with an ampersand (&).
In-Text Citation: (Smith & Miller, 2009)
For references with three or more authors, you will only include the first author and then the words et al.
In-Text Citation: (Smith et al., 2009)
In-Text Citation: Smith et al. (2009) summarized it as...
If the author of a work is an organization, company, or group, list that group's full name in the in-text citation.
In-Text Citation: (Florida State College at Jacksonville, 2019)
If the organization has a common acronym, you may introduce it in your first in-text citation and then use the abbreviation in all subsequent citations.
First In-Text Citation: (American Medical Association [AMA], 2007)
Subsequent In-Text Citation: (AMA, 2007)
You should avoid citing works with no author, because you will be unable to verify authority and credibility. Remember that most resources that do not have an individual author listed will have an organization or group responsible for the content.
If there is truly no author for a reference, you use the title, or first few words of the title. Note that you should capitalize the words in the title for the in-text citation. Place in quotation marks if the title is an article or chapter. Italicize if it is a book, webpage, etc.
In-Text Citation for Article or Chapter: ("How To Find," 2009).
In-Text Citation for Book or Webpage: (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989).
You will use the year of the resource in the in-text citation. Even if there is a more detailed date provided, only the year is included in the in-text citation.
In Text Citation: (Smith, 2010)
If there is no date for a reference, use the abbreviation n.d.
In-Text Citation: (Florida State College at Jacksonville, n.d.).
In-Text Citation: Smith (n.d.) states that...
If you have two or more distinct works by the same author and published in the same year, differentiate them with letters. Letters will be assigned alphabetically by the order in which they are listed in the references list.
Rowling, J. K. (1999a). Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets. Arthur A. Levine.
In-Text Citation: (Rowling, 1999a)
Rowling, J. K. (1999b). Harry Potter and the prisoner of Azkaban. Arthur A. Levine.
In-Text Citation: (Rowling, 1999b)
If both items are using n.d. instead of a year, include a hyphen before the differentiating letter.
In-Text Citation: (Florida State College at Jacksonville, n.d.-a)
Recall that page numbers and more specific location information as detailed below are only required for direct quotes, but may be used for paraphrasing if you wish.
If you are using information from a single page, use the abbreviation p.
In-Text Citation: (Smith, 2009, p. 12)
If your quote (or paraphrase) spans multiple pages, use the abbreviation pp., and separate the two numbers with an en dash (–).
In-Text Citation: Smith (2009) discusses how the study was received by the media (pp. 12–13).
If there are no page numbers on your resource, use section headers, paragraph numbers, or other descriptions to direct your reader to the information you are citing.
In-Text Citation: One of the author's main points is that "people don't rise from nothing" (Gladwell, 2008, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5).
If you are citing a direct quotation from a video, you can use the time stamp in place of a page number within the in-text citation.
In-Text Citation: Pariser (2011) states that "your filter bubble is your own personal, unique universe of information that you live in online. And what's in your filter bubble depends on who you are, and it depends on what you do" (4:12).
Narrative citations are the preferred method of citing quotes. You may also use them for paraphrasing or summarizing. The strength of narrative citations is that it flows better for a reader. A narrative citations weaves in the author's name(s) into the text, and then adds in the year in parentheses. The page number will bookend the quote at the end.
You will often want to use a signal phrase to introduce a narrative citation. For an overview of signal phrases along with some examples, visit George Mason University's page on Signal Phrases.
Last name (Year) ... "quote" or paraphrase (p. X).
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), rates for pregnancy, STDs and abortion are much higher in the US than in other industrialized countries (para. 1).
A parenthetical citation encompasses the components of the in-text citation in parentheses at the end of the sentence, prior to the closing period. This should mostly be used for paraphrasing, and typically not for direct quotes alone.
Recall that a page number is not necessary for paraphrasing, but is encouraged.
(Author, Date, p. X)
To include two or more different resources in one citation, use a semicolon to separate them: