An author can be a person but can also be an organization, or company. These are called group or corporate authors. Most advertisements will have a corporate author such as an advertising agency or a company name.
Some advertisements may not have an identified title. If you are citing something with no identified title, write a description of the product/brand being advertised and place it in square brackets (e.g. [Advertisement for McDonald's coffee]. Put this description in brackets where you'd normally put the title.
Name of Company That Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day of issue which contains advertisement if known). Name of advertisement [Advertisement]. Name of Journal, Magazine or Newspaper, Volume(Issue) if known, page number advertisement is found on.
Example: BMW. (2011, June 4). Diesel reinvented [Advertisement]. Fictional Magazine, 7(1), 17.
Name of Company That Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day of issue which contains advertisement if known). [Advertisement for Name of Product being advertised]. Name of Journal, Magazine or Newspaper, Volume(Issue) if known, page number advertisement is found on.
Example: FedEx. (2011, May) [Advertisement for FedExCup]. Sample Magazine, 5(1), 30.
Name of Company That Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day Posted). Name of advertisement [Advertisement]. URL
Note: If you are citing an advertisement that has appeared at the beginning of another video, make sure to open the video advertisement in a new window to obtain the link for only the advertisement.
Example: Google Canada. (2017, October 16). Google Home Mini [Advertisement]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbW9pug1pE8
Note: In the example above, all words of the title are capitalized because the advertisement is the same as the product name and is treated as a proper noun.
User Name that Posted the Video. (Year, Month Day Posted). Name of video [Advertisement]. URL
Example: TrendCrave. (2016, February 17). Top 10 best Super Bowl 50 commercials (2016 funniest ads) [Advertisement]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2c2mPpvcpw
Name of Company that Owns the Product. (Year, Month Day Advertisement Viewed). Name of advertisement [Advertisement]. Location of Advertisement, City, Province, State or Country.
Example: Tim Hortons. (2018, September 26). Cheddar cheese bagel [Advertisement]. Main Street and 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC.
Handouts distributed in class and presentation slides such as PowerPoint should be cited both in-text and on the References list.
Your own notes from lectures are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the References list, since they are not a published source.
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year Presentation Was Created). Title of presentation: Subtitle if any [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of Website if given. URL
Note about hyperlinks: It is acceptable for hyperlinks to be blue and underlined (live) or black without underlining. All hyperlinks must include https://
Example: Kunka, J. L. (n.d.) Conquering the comma [PowerPoint presentation]. Purdue University Writing Lab Website. https://ow.english.purdue/edu/workshops/pp/index.html#presentations
Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year Handout Was Created if known). Title of handout: Subtitle if any [Class handout]. Columbia College, Course code.
Example: Wood, D. (2013). Laboratory safety overview [Class handout]. Columbia College, BIO173.
Note: Your own notes from a lecture are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the References list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the class lecture.
(First Initial of Faculty Who Gave Lecture. Second Initial if known. Last Name, personal communication, Month Day, Year lecture took place)
Example: "Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2012)
Note: If the name of the person who was interviewed is mentioned in the sentence leading into the quote or paraphrased content, you do not need to repeat it in the in-text citation.
Example: J. D. Black explained that "infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (personal communication, May 30, 2012).
Government Documents often have a group/corporate author listed instead of a specific person's name. The author may be the name of a department, committee or agency.
When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher name.
Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication). Title of document: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name.
Example: Health Council of Canada. (2007). Canadians' experience with chronic illness care in 2007.
Note: When the government department, agency, or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher.
Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. (Year of Publication, Month Day). Title of document: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. url
Example: Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services. (2010, April 27). Your preschool child's speech and language development. http://www.children.gov.on/ca/htdocs/English/topics/earlychildhood/speechlanguage/brochure_preschool.aspx
Note: When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher.
Reproducing happens when you copy or recreate an image, table, graph or chart that is not your original creation. If you reproduce one of these works in your assignment, you must create a note underneath the image, chart, table or graph to show where you found it. You do not include this information in a Reference list.
If you refer to information from an image, chart, table or graph, but do not reproduce it in your paper, create a citation both in-text and on your Reference list. If the information is part of another format, for example a book, magazine article, encyclopedia, etc., cite the work it came from. For example if information came from a table in an article in National Geographic magazine, you would cite the entire article. If you are only making a passing reference to a well known image, you would not have to cite it, e.g. describing someone as having a Mona Lisa smile.
Each image you reproduce should be assigned a figure number, starting with number 1 for the first image used in the assignment.
Images may not have a set title. If this is the case give a description of the image where you would normally put the title.
When reproducing images, include copyright information in the citation if it is given, including the year and the copyright holder. Copyright information on a website may often be found at the bottom of the home page.
Note: Applies to Graphs, Charts, Drawings, Maps, Tables and Photographs
Figure X. Description of the image or title of the image. From "Title of Article," by Article Author's First Initial. Second Initial. Last Name, year, day, (for a magazine) or year (for a journal), Title of Magazine or Journal, volume number, page(s). Copyright year by name of copyright holder.
Note: Information about the image is placed directly below the image in your assignment. If the image has been changed, use "Adapted from" instead of "From" before the source information.
Example:
Figure 1. Man exercising. Adapted from "Yoga: Stretching Out," by A. N. Green, and L. O. Brown, 2006, May 8, Sports Digest, 15, p. 22. Copyright 2006 by Sports Digest Inc.
Note: Applies to Graphs, Charts, Drawings, Tables and Photographs
Figure x. Description of the image or image title if given. Adapted from "Title of web page," by Author/Creator's First Initial. Second Initial. Last Name if given, publication date if given, Title of Website. Retrieved Month, day, year that you last viewed the website, from url. Copyright date by Name of Copyright Holder.
Note: Information about the image is placed directly below the image in your assignment. If the image has not been changed but simply reproduced use "From" instead of "Adapted from" before the source information.
Example:
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9 |
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Figure 2. Table of symbols. Adapted from Case One Study Results by G. A. Black, 2006, Strong Online. https://www.strongonline/ casestudies/one.html. Copyright 2010 by G.L. Strong Ltd.
Interviews, e-mails and your own notes from lectures are considered personal communications in APA style. This means that they are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the References list.
The category "Personal Communications" is used in situations where you are taking information from a source such as an email thread or an interview you conducted with someone else. In this case the work isn't published anywhere, someone else couldn't find and read the full interview or email on their own.
Sometimes you may find interviews with people in journals, magazines, newspapers, websites, etc. In those cases don't use the "Personal Communications" category. Instead, cite them according to where you found the information.
For example, an interview in a magazine would be cited like a magazine article. That way anyone reading your assignment could easily track down the interview for themselves by finding the same magazine article.
Note: Interviews and e-mail are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the References list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the interview or e-mail.
(First Initial of Person Who Was Interviewed or sent the e-mail. Second Initial if known. Last Name, personal communication, Month Day, Year interview took place or e-mail was received)
Example: "Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2013)
Note: If the name of the person who was interviewed is mentioned in the sentence leading into the quote or paraphrased content, you do not need to repeat it in the in-text citation.
Example: J. D. Black explained that "infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (personal communication, May 30, 2013).
Note: Published interviews can appear in many types of sources (magazines, newspapers etc.). When citing published interviews, follow the guidelines for the type of source it was published in.