The Power to Divide
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Diversifying Diplomacy
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Engaging China: fifty years of Sino- American relations
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China's Great Power Responsibility for Climate Change
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As American leadership over climate change declines, China has begun to identify itself as a great power by formulating ambitious climate policies. Based on the premise that great powers have unique responsibilities, this book explores how China¿s rise to great power status transforms notions of great power responsibility in general and international climate politics in particular. The author looks empirically at the Chinese party-state¿s conceptions of state responsibility, discusses the influence of those notions on China¿s role in international climate politics, and considers both how China will act out its climate responsibility in the future and the broader implications of these actions. Alongside the argument that the international norm of climate responsibility is an emerging attribute of great power responsibility, Kopra develops a normative framework of great power responsibility to shed new light on the transformations China¿s rise will yield and the kind of great power China will prove to be. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations, China studies, foreign policy studies, international organizations, international ethics and environmental politics.
European Foreign Policy in a Decarbonising World
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Contributing to the emerging literature on the geopolitical and foreign policy implications of decarbonisation and energy transition processes, this book sheds light on the future of the European Union's (EU) external relations under decarbonisation. Under the Paris Agreement on climate change, adopted in 2015, governments are committed to phasing out the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases over the coming decades. This book addresses the many questions around this process of decarbonisation through detailed analyses of EU external relations with six fossil-fuel exporting countries: Nigeria, Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Colombia, Qatar, and Canada. The authors systematically examine the six countries' varying dependence on fossil fuels, the broader political and security context, current relations with the EU, and the potential for developing these towards decarbonisation. In doing so, they put forward a series of findings that should hold across varying circumstances and provide a steppingstone to enrich and inspire further research on foreign policy, external relations, and international relations under decarbonisation. The book also makes an important contribution to understanding the external implications of the 2019 European Green Deal. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of European environmental and climate policy, climate diplomacy, energy policy, foreign policy, and climate/energy geopolitics. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/ 9781003183037, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition
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2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change
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Experts broadly agree that stabilising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere to avoid dangerous GHG-induced climate change could be accomplished only with concerted efforts by all large emitting nations. Toward this purpose, delegations of 195 nations adopted the Paris Agreement (PA) on 12 December 2015. The PA outlines goals and a structure for international cooperation to slow climate change and mitigate its impacts over decades to come. This book is intended to answer some of the primary factual and policy questions about the PA and its implications for the United States.
The Energy of Russia
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This timely book analyses the status of hydrocarbon energy in Russia as both a saleable commodity and as a source of societal and political power. Through empirical studies in domestic and foreign policy contexts, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen explores the development of a hydrocarbon culture in Russia and the impact this has on its politics, identity and approach to climate change and renewable energy. Cogent and compelling, this book demonstrates how the Russian state leverages its oil and gas reserves in order to create and maintain power both domestically and internationally. Tynkkynen uses empirical studies of key topics such as the national gas programme Gazprom, the Arctic, climate discourse and anthropogenic climate change denial, and the Russia-Finland energy trade to critically examine the situation. The book concludes with a convincing argument for the potential of renewable energy to build a more resilient and sustainable future for Russia and how this might be achieved. This will prove crucial reading for scholars and students of Russian and Eastern European studies and energy and environmental studies, as well as geographers, anthropologists and political scientists. Those working in governments, international organizations and corporations with an interest in Russian energy will also find its insights useful.
Global Environmental Change and Innovation in International Law
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The challenges to global order posed by rapid environmental change are increasingly recognized as defining features of our time. In this groundbreaking work, the concept of innovation is deployed to explore normative and institutional responses in international law to such environmental change by addressing two fundamental themes: first, whether law can foresee, prevent, and adapt to environmental transformations; and second, whether international legal responses to social, economic, and technological innovation can appropriately reflect the evolving needs of contemporary societies at national and international scales. Using a range of case studies, the contributions to this collection track innovation - descriptively, normatively, and as a process in and of itself - to explain international environmental law's functionality in the Anthropocene. This book should be read by anyone interested in the critical intersection of environmental and international law.
Peacekeeping
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There is no legal instrument specifically designing peacekeeping operations. These operations form part of what legal science calls the subsidiary bodies of international organisations and are not expressly provided for in their founding charters with the exception, in the case of the EU, of the Treaty of Lisbon. Any definition of what PKOs are must be established on an ad hoc basis and based on practice. Without disparaging other international institutions, it is the United Nations, by its universal nature, that can and must harmonise any efforts to achieve such peacekeeping and international security. However, the United Nations cannot assume a monopoly of international peacekeeping and security. For this reason, this book analyses the peacekeeping activities of the regional organisations, such as the EU, OSCE, NATO, or any other. Diverse and specific local experiences have been very useful for peacekeeping. This has been the case with the new functions taken on by PKOs such as protection of the cultural heritage, participation of the World Bank, the new war on terrorism, etc., all of which require new analyses that can be included in a more functional context. Any measures adopted in peacekeeping missions must take gender into account, given its enormous impact and it is therefore essential to examine this issue. These aspects are included in the book. The study of the impact peacekeeping operations have on human rights, on the financial conditions of the people living in the places to which peacekeepers are deployed, on child protection, etc. are others issues covered within this book.
Fourteen Points for the Twenty-First Century
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When the United States entered World War I, President Woodrow Wilson declared to Congress that the objective was not merely to bring "a new balance of power," but rather to bring a "just and secure peace" to the world by the end of the conflict. In this famous speech, known as "The Fourteen Points," Wilson offered the world a road map toward a more equitable international system in the midst of unprecedented global conflict, including ideas on the interconnectedness of democracy, trade, and the concept of a forum for peaceably resolving international disputes. Even decades after the end of the First World War, Wilson's ideas remained important and influenced many of his successors. But now, in the twenty-first century, there are forces at work in the world that Wilson could never have imagined, and those forces call for a new plan toward peace. In Fourteen Points for the Twenty-First Century: A Renewed Appeal for Cooperative Internationalism, Richard H. Immerman and Jeffrey A. Engel bring together a diverse group of thinkers who take up Wilson's call for a new world order by exploring fourteen new directions for the twenty-first century. The contributors--scholars, policymakers, entrepreneurs, poets, doctors, and scientists--propose solutions to contemporary challenges such as migration, global warming, health care, food security, and privacy in the digital age. Taken together, these points challenge American leaders and policymakers to champion an international effort, not to make America great again, but to work cooperatively with other nations on the basis of mutual respect.
Shields of the Republic
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Is America's alliance system so quietly effective that politicians and voters fail to appreciate its importance in delivering the security they take for granted? For the first century and a half of its existence, the United States had just one alliance--a valuable but highly controversial military arrangement with France. Largely out of deference to George Washington's warnings against the dangers of "entangling alliances," subsequent American presidents did not consider entering another until the Second World War. Then everything suddenly changed. Between 1948 and 1955, US leaders extended defensive security guarantees to twenty-three countries in Europe and Asia. Seventy years later, the United States had allied with thirty-seven. In Shields of the Republic, Mira Rapp-Hooper reveals the remarkable success of America's unprecedented system of alliances. During the Cold War, a grand strategy focused on allied defense, deterrence, and assurance helped to keep the peace at far lower material and political costs than its critics allege. When the Soviet Union collapsed, however, the United States lost the adversary the system was designed to combat. Its alliances remained without a core strategic logic, leaving them newly vulnerable. Today the alliance system is threatened from without and within. China and Russia seek to break America's alliances through conflict and non-military erosion. Meanwhile, US politicians and voters are increasingly skeptical of alliances' costs and benefits and believe we may be better off without them. But what if the alliance system is a victim of its own quiet success? Rapp-Hooper argues that America's national security requires alliances that deter and defend against military and non-military conflict alike. The alliance system is past due for a post-Cold War overhaul, but it remains critical to the country's safety and prosperity in the 21st century.
The United States of War
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2020 L.A. Times Book Prize Finalist, History A provocative examination of how the U.S. military has shaped our entire world, from today's costly, endless wars to the prominence of violence in everyday American life. The United States has been fighting wars constantly since invading Afghanistan in 2001. This nonstop warfare is far less exceptional than it might seem: the United States has been at war or has invaded other countries almost every year since independence. In The United States of War, David Vine traces this pattern of bloody conflict from Columbus's 1494 arrival in Guantanamo Bay through the 250-year expansion of a global U.S. empire. Drawing on historical and firsthand anthropological research in fourteen countries and territories, The United States of War demonstrates how U.S. leaders across generations have locked the United States in a self-perpetuating system of permanent war by constructing the world's largest-ever collection of foreign military bases--a global matrix that has made offensive interventionist wars more likely. Beyond exposing the profit-making desires, political interests, racism, and toxic masculinity underlying the country's relationship to war and empire, The United States of War shows how the long history of U.S. military expansion shapes our daily lives, from today's multi-trillion-dollar wars to the pervasiveness of violence and militarism in everyday U.S. life. The book concludes by confronting the catastrophic toll of American wars--which have left millions dead, wounded, and displaced--while offering proposals for how we can end the fighting.
Countries
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This comprehensive four-volume set provides up-to-date, reliable and understandable analysis of the hot spots of armed conflict around the world. Formerly called World Conflicts & Confrontations, this new edition is arranged by world region: -Volume 1 - The Americas -Volume 2 - Africa -Volume 3 - Asia, Middle East and the Pacific Islands -Volume 4 - Western, Central and Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Republics In addition to updated and brand new content, this new edition pays special attention to the conflicts in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Yemen, Syria, Ukraine, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Syria, and Venezuela, among others. In addition, there is detailed coverage on volatile regions, like North Korea, Russia, and the U.S./Saudi/Iran relationship. Each volume starts with an informative regional essay, each at least 12 pages long. Next, country essays, each 6-12 pages long, follow in alphabetical order. A short description of its most pressing problem begins each country essay, including the origin, nature and history of its conflicts. The essay itself includes helpful subheads, such as Early History, Revolution and War, Transitional Government, Ongoing Problems, Economic Challenges, Future Prospects, and others specific to the country being profiled. Helpful features throughout the essay include a statistical profile, map, and timeline of all conflicts and takeovers to the present day. Each volume ends with a list of essays by type of conflict; current, former and variant names of countries; and a detailed index. An annotated Further Reading section at the end of each country essay is enormously helpful, as are the sidebars and photos scattered throughout. These volumes are designed to provide high school and community college students, undergraduates, and the general public with an up-to-date overview of conflicts around the globe. These informative essays provide the necessary historical background to foster a better, more in-depth understanding of the events and figures that are shaping today's conversation of global affairs.
Global Resource Scarcity
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A common perception of global resource scarcity holds that it is inevitably a catalyst for conflict among nations; yet, paradoxically, incidents of such scarcity underlie some of the most important examples of international cooperation. This volume examines the wider potential for the experience of scarcity to promote cooperation in international relations and diplomacy beyond the traditional bounds of the interests of competitive nation states. The interdisciplinary background of the book's contributors shifts the focus of the analysis beyond narrow theoretical treatments of international relations and resource diplomacy to broader examinations of the practicalities of cooperation in the context of competition and scarcity. Combining the insights of a range of social scientists with those of experts in the natural and bio-sciences--many of whom work as 'resource practitioners' outside the context of universities--the book works through the tensions between 'thinking/theory' and 'doing/practice', which so often plague the process of social change. These encounters with scarcity draw attention away from the myopic focus on market forces and allocation, and encourage us to recognise more fully the social nature of the tensions and opportunities that are associated with our shared dependence on resources that are not readily accessible to all. The book brings together experts on theorising scarcity and those on the scarcity of specific resources. It begins with a theoretical reframing of both the contested concept of scarcity and the underlying dynamics of resource diplomacy. The authors then outline the current tensions around resource scarcity or degradation and examine existing progress towards cooperative international management of resources. These include food and water scarcity, mineral exploration and exploitation of the oceans. Overall, the contributors propose a more hopeful and positive engagement among the world's nations as they pursue the economic and social benefits derived from natural resources, while maintaining the ecological processes on which they depend.
Conflict-Sensitive Conservation
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This book provides an empirically formulated foundation for conflict-sensitive conservation, a field in which the existing literature relies primarily on anecdotal evidence. Seeking to better understand the impact of conflict on the implementation and outcomes of environmental projects, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Independent Evaluation Office and the Environmental Law Institute undertook an evaluation of GEF support to fragile and conflict-affected contexts. Following a qualitative and quantitative analysis of documents from more than 4,000 projects, the research team discovered a statistically significant negative correlation between a country's Fragile States Index score and the implementation quality of environmental projects in that country. In this book, the evaluation and research team explain these groundbreaking findings in detail, highlighting seven key case studies: Afghanistan, Albertine Rift, Balkans, Cambodia, Colombia, Lebanon, and Mali. Drawing upon additional research and interviews with GEF project implementation staff, the volume illustrates the pathways through which conflict and fragility frequently impact environmental projects. It also examines how practitioners and sponsoring institutions can plan and implement their projects to avoid or mitigate these issues and find opportunities to promote peacebuilding through their environmental interventions. Examining data from 164 countries and territories, this innovative book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental management, conservation, international development, and the fast-growing field of environmental peacebuilding. It will also be a great resource for practitioners working in these important fields. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Energy Security
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Energy security is one of the greatest challenges of the modern world. The situation is further complicated by the fact that energy security can be viewed from different points of view, which are often contradictory and with no consensus on what energy security is and how it is measured, monitored or foreseen. This book presents the most important aspects of energy security, including its role as an element of national security and a factor of geopolitical stability. Many factors affect energy security (and vice versa) in different ways. This book discusses the most important: the impact of political changes, military operations, organizations (EU and NATO), and social movements on energy security. Special emphasis is given to energy infrastructure, as one of the major preconditions that will - along with geopolitical changes - have the greatest impact on energy security in the future. The book presents energy security specificities and challenges in the case of EU countries, the Russian Federation, the United States and China. It also provides an example of small countries that do not have their own energy resources, and therefore need to ensure their secure energy and political future in a rapidly changing world. The book is primarily intended for the academic community, decision-makers, energy sector companies and security services around the world.
Energy Security as a Key Driving Factor for Socioeconomic Development: From Mitigation to Solution
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Energy Economic Development in Europe
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The Future of Energy: Challenges, Perspectives, and Solutions
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This anthology includes a wide range of topics related to the probable and also possible future developments of energy technologies. The collection of papers offers a series of unprecedented perspectives on energy science, unavailable elsewhere. The authors have considered developments in renewable energy, novel energy discoveries, environmental climate futures, possible technological advances, temporal distortion, and gravitational electromagnetism. Specific energy inventors reporting breakthrough results have also been showcased in individual chapters, including Searl, Manelas, Kozyrev, and Storms. The future of energy is presented with possible scenarios such as with microgrids, solar systems, fusion-fission reactors, smart cities, energy storage, electric vehicles, low energy nuclear reactors, electromagnetic devices, proton and electron conversion, theoretical antigravity, and time manipulation. Several interesting models have been considered to provoke and stretch the reader's imagination and awareness of the study of the future. This collection of works provides a broad range of conceptual understanding of energy conversion that is both conventional and unconventional. Each chapter includes a significant use of graphs and charts, as well as explanatory equations where necessary, with plenty of vital references and links to substantiate any new scientific concepts and assist further research. More than one new phenomena of electrical power production have been discovered and the results documented in detail within the pages of this anthology. While the time schedule and specific cause of global warming is detailed, the plan for advanced energy applications is also explored. The collection of works provides a unique perspective on the evolving landscape of future energy which is provocative and enlightening. The reader will find it enriches and enlivens the discussion of what is to come.
A Sustainability Assessment in the Energy Sector
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Sustainability assessment is the core instrument for implementing sustainable development targets. The energy sector is playing a crucial role in achieving sustainable development in the country, as energy consumption is the main driver of economic growth; it also has the biggest environmental impact, and therefore sustainability assessment in the energy sector requires special attention. Sustainability Assessment in the Energy Sector consists of seven chapters: in the first chapter, the sustainability concept is described; in the second chapter, sustainability assessment concepts are reviewed and discussed; in the third chapter, sustainability assessment tools and methods are summarized and described; in the fourth chapter, the main problems of sustainable energy development are addressed; in the fifth chapter, externalities in the energy sector are introduced; in the sixth chapter, sustainability assessment tools applicable to the energy sector are categorized; and finally, in the seventh chapter, practical examples of sustainability assessment in the energy sector are provided by covering sustainability assessment of electricity and district heat generation technologies. These methods include the assessment of external costs of electricity generation, sustainability assessment of electricity and transport technologies based on the GHG emission costs and carbon intensities of these technologies. The final chapter also discusses the sustainability assessment of policies and measures for energy sector development scenarios. The book was prepared by summarizing research findings in the field of sustainability assessment in the energy sector, which was conducted by the author of this book over a period of ten years.
Sustainable food systems for food security
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Food Security Issues and Challenges
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It is clear that one of the most damaging global problems is hunger. There is still a high proportion of hungry people in the world, the number of human beings in this condition exceeding 690 million, according to the latest State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World Report (FAO 2020). Consequently, its eradication is extremely urgent. Nevertheless, it does not appear that Sustainable Development Goal number two, i.e. Zero Hunger, will be achieved by 2030. The United Nations itself admits this, stating that "the world is not on track to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030. If recent trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger would surpass 840 million by 2030". The problems facing food in the world today have increased considerably, as well as various factors and phenomena that augment the complexity of the issues or situations that fall within the scope of food security, such as: climate change, land grabbing, use of chemical fertilizers, loss of agrodiversity and other agricultural sustainability issues, obesity problems resulting from unhealthy diets, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the lack of justiciability of the right to food, the use of biotechnology in food, etc. In short, this book is a diverse compilation of the new manifestations of global food security seen from several angles and areas. The book aims to let visualize the main global problems and challenges that have a negative impact on food security, with the underlying objective of highlighting the need for reinforcing its full application in all contexts and countries. To this end, we believe that it is necessary to make its concept operational, and take it into consideration when applying policies and standards, especially in those areas and matters that may undermine said food security. In this sense, it is essential to strengthen its legal protection through a coherent and operational interpretation of the human right to food, so as to broaden its content and make it consistent with its pillars and foundations.
World Agricultural Resources and Food Security
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World agricultural resources will be altered by climate change which will require both public and private actions. Global agriculture is affected by invasive alien pest and disease species and by severe weather such as sea-level rise flooding and drought. Rising sea levels will increase salinity in coastal groundwater and the loss of coastal wetlands. Drought will increase the vulnerability of forest ecosystems due to decreased soil moisture and increased evapotranspiration. Many changes will be needed to maintain global food security. Climate change will affect food supply and demand, as well as prices. Research and development have the potential to impact both supply and demand, especially through the adoption of biotechnology. Researching plant and animal breeding for multiple disease resistance against pathogens of global relevance has great evolutionary potential. One such program is aquaculture. Another problem is land constraints as rural and urban areas compete for land. For rural food-insecure households, land competition means necessary changes in production practices. Research and development investments could substantially decelerate food prices to prevent hunger and deteriorating living standards in rural households worldwide. Increasing food security will mean establishing dietary guidelines that alleviate the negative health and economic outcomes associated with malnutrition. It is highly questionable to aggregate all food items based solely on calories per kilogram content when not all calories are equal in their effect on health. Food security also includes increasing diet diversity while decreasing food waste and loss. It is imperative that actions be taken for a food-secure future.
Food Power
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In Food Power, Bryan L. McDonald brings together the history of food, agriculture, and foreign policy to explore the use of food to promote American national security and national interests during the first three decades of the Cold War. In the years after World War II, Americans struggled to understand how an unprecedented abundance of food could be used to best advance American goals and values. Was food a weapon, a commodity to be valued and exchanged through markets, or a substance to be provided to those in need? The use of food as an element of national power is often referred to as "food power." McDonald traces different visions of food power and shows how food was an essential part of America's postwar modernization strategy -- its vision of what it meant to be a stable, secure, and technologically advanced nation. Debates during the postwar years about how food power could help the United States achieve goals such as stability, prosperity, and security were part of a larger conversation about the role of food in the security of states, communities, and individuals. America helped build a new, postwar food system based on the steadying influence of American agricultural surpluses that helped maintain stable prices and food availability. This system averted a global-scale food crisis for almost three decades. The end of this food system in the early 1970s ushered in a much more unstable period in global food relations. Food Power argues that efforts to both interpret America's role in the world during the mid-twentieth century and to address contemporary food problems can be strengthened by understanding more fully the ways postwar American policymakers and experts sought to shape the politics of security and prosperity by linking people and places around the world through food.
Food for All International Organizations and the Transformation of Agriculture
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Many developing countries are falling behind sustainable development goals: food and nutrition levels have deteriorated due to conflict, climate change, and the Covid pandemic, while global ambitions for achieving sustainable food security and adequate nutrition have increased. But what are the prospects of achieving sustainable, healthy food for all? What is the best response to concerns about growing differentiation among developing countries in terms of domestic agricultural and industrial performance? 'Food for All' explores how developments since these organizations were established have led to changes in the provision of international financial and technical assistance in support of the global food and agriculture system and how developing countries' own efforts have helped transform them. _PRIMO online catalog
Feeding the World Well
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Leading experts reveal ways that the future of food production for the world's burgeoning population can (and must) be both sustainable and ethical. In the United States, food is abundant and cheap but loaded with hidden costs to the environment, human health, animal welfare, and the people who work in our food systems. The country's current food production systems lack diversity in crops and animals and are intensified but not sustainable, inhumane in the treatment of animals, and inconsiderate of labor. In order to feed the world's rapidly growing population with high-quality, ethically produced food, new food production systems are urgently needed. These new systems must be genetically diverse and environmentally sustainable, and they need to follow internationally recognized animal welfare and labor practices. Feeding the World Well examines these costs of cheap food while presenting a unique framework for ethical food systems: the Core Ethical Commitments, which are designed to guide consumers in choosing foods that are aligned with their values while helping producers enhance the ethics of their practices and products. Edited by Alan M. Goldberg, the volume features contributions from leading ethicists and food systems experts. Addressing complex issues such as climate change, worker exploitation, obesity, antibiotic resistance, wasted food, and biotechnology, the book discusses the fundamental forces that have shaped, and will continue to shape, our food systems. It also describes some of the approaches that food companies and nonprofit organizations are using to address the ethical challenges facing these food systems. Finally, the book explains what the Core Ethical Commitments are (and what they are not), how they were developed, and how they might be used by food system actors. By bringing together an all-star group of contributors from academia and industry, Feeding the World Well sets a new course for food production and how it is evaluated. By including the voices of industry leaders alongside those of researchers and regulators, the book prepares the food production industry for a world in which "ethical" or "sustainable" production practices are not only trendy but necessary to ensure that we can feed the world's growing population. Conceived as a textbook for food studies courses, this volume will appeal to anyone who is strongly interested in food, including conscious consumers, food industry leaders, researchers, and policy makers. Contributors: Anne Barnhill, Martin W. Bloem, Jonathan Bloom, Nicole M. Civita, Claire Davis, Michiel van Dijk, Adele Douglass, Shauna Downs, Kevin Esvelt, Ruth Faden, Jessica Fanzo, Evan Fraser, Maisie Ganzler, Tara Garnett, Sara Glass, Alan M. Goldberg, Christopher Good, Meredith Kaufman, Gillian Kelleher, Frederick L. Kirschenmann, Herman B. W. M. Koëter, Jennifer Kuzma, Kees van Leeuwen, Robert Martin, Anne E. McBride, Suzanne McMillan, Tom Morley, Marion Nestle, Peter O'Driscoll, Lance B. Price, Marie Luise Rau, Bernard Rollin, Yashar Saghai, Susan A. Schneider, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Paul B. Thompson, Paul Willis, Sylvia Wulf
Sustaining Global Food Security
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Population growth alone dictates that global food supplies must increase by over 50% in coming decades. Advances in technology offer an array of opportunities to meet this demand, but history shows that these can be fully realized only within an enabling policy environment. Sustaining Global Food Security makes a compelling case that recent technological breakthroughs can move the planet towards a secure and sustainable food supply only if new policies are designed that allow their full expression. Bob Zeigler has brought together a distinguished set of scientists and policy analysts to produce well-referenced chapters exploring international policies on genetic resources, molecular genetics, genetic engineering, crop breeding and protection, remote sensing, the changing landscape of agricultural policies in the world's largest countries, and trade. Those entering the agricultural sciences and those who aspire to influence public policy during their careers will benefit from the insights of this unique set of experiences and perspectives. Features: Up-to-date assessment of how modern plant and agricultural science, economics and policy may interact to affect global food security Contributors are internationally recognized experts in their fields Includes international case studies on major crop species that will determine sustainable food production in areas where food security challenges remain the most serious (e.g. Africa and Asia) Ideally suited to those who look to apply science or policy to improve global food security over their careers.
Food Leadership
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So much more than a human necessity, food is an entry point into a range of different topics: culture and tradition, health and well-being, small and large-scale business, ecology and politics, science and the arts, poverty and social justice, land use and civil society, global trade, traditional ecological knowledge, and more. From seed to table, the policies and practices related to all aspects of the food cycle create rich sites for learning and multiple opportunities for leadership. Although the topic of food has been gaining momentum in the field of Adult Education over the past decade, food has been relatively underexplored in the field of Leadership Studies. The purpose of this book, therefore, is to deepen our understanding and knowledge about leadership and adult learning in food-related movements worldwide. With contributing authors representing four countries and various indigenous groups, this book examines the diverse ways in which food activists, scholars, students, and practitioners are already demonstrating, debating, and documenting leadership and learning in the context of global food systems transformation. Furthermore, it documents how these actions are supporting the innovation needed to address the increasingly complex and interconnected socio-economic and environmental challenges associated with food and agriculture. Whereas much leadership theory continues to be developed from cases in business, social movements, or other, more traditional leadership sectors, this book invites leaders and educators to look to their plates and, by extension, to local, small-scale farmers and to nature itself as sources of inspiration in their work.
Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality
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This book aims to map the diversity of meanings of gender equality across Europe and reflects on the contested concept of gender equality. In its exploration of the diverse meanings of gender equality it not only takes into account the existence of different visions of gender equality, and the way in which different political and theoretical debates crosscut these visions, but also reflects upon the geographical contexts in which visions and debates over gender equality are located. The contextual locations where these visions and debates take place include the European Union and member states such as Austria, the Netherlands, Hungary, Slovenia, Greece, and Spain. In all of these settings, the different meanings of gender equality are explored comparatively in relation to the issues of family policies, domestic violence, and gender inequality in politics, while specific national contexts discuss the issues of prostitution (Austria, Slovenia), migration (the Netherlands), homosexual rights (Spain), and antidiscrimination (Hungary). The multiple meanings of gender equality are studied through Critical Frame Analysis, a methodology that builds on social movement theory and that was refined further with elements of gender and political theory within the context of the MAGEEQ research project
What Works in Improving Gender Equality
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EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Drawing on comparative research from five countries, What Works in Improving Gender Equality provides an accessible analysis of what gender equality means and how we can achieve it by adapting best practices in care policies from other countries. Realistic policy solutions are reached by examining the contexts in which childcare and longterm care policies are developed, and what difficulties might need to be overcome in applying the lessons from different international models.
Discreet Power
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In Discreet Power, Christina Garsten and Adrienne Sörbom undertake an ethnographic study of the World Economic Forum (WEF). Accessing one of the primary agenda-setting organizations of our day, they draw on interviews and participant observation to examine how the WEF wields its influence. They situate the WEF within an emerging system of "discretionary governance," in which actors craft ideas and entice formal authorities and top leaders in order to garner significant sway. Yet in spite of its image as a powerful, exclusive brain trust, the WEF has no formal mandate to implement its positions. It must convince others to advance chosen causes and enact suggestions, rendering its position quite fragile. Garsten and Sörbom argue that the WEF must be viewed relationally as a brokering organization that lives between the market and political spheres and that extends its reach through associated individuals and groups.They place the WEF in the context of a broader shift, arguing that while this type of governance opens up novel ways of dealing with urgent global problems, it challenges core democratic values.
U. S. -Russia Economic Relations
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This study offers a detailed analysis of U.S.-Russia economic relations, viewed in a broader geopolitical context. It assesses the limits of bilateral cooperation through the economic and political trajectories of both countries, particularly considering the structural constraints in Russia's economic and political system. Through meticulous examination of the commodity composition of bilateral trade, the report evaluates the potential for expansion of exports and imports as well as immense obstacles on this way. The author explains why trade agreements and business activity have not helped to reduce current political tensions, while deteriorating political ties have continued to have an adverse effect on economic cooperation.
Theory and Reality of International Trade
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In recent decades international trade theory has not been very helpful, overall,in explaining the causes and effects of contemporary trade flows. This hasbeen due, first, to trade theory continuing to refer to the Ricardian principle ofcomparative advantage, which is based on a number of irrealistic hypothesessuch as full employment and trade balances' equilibrium. And, second, to thefact that the non-satisfaction of key Ricardian hypotheses has hindered theworking of trade balance re-equilibrating mechanisms; as a result, countries'absolute advantages, possibly more than comparative ones, appear to determinecountries' trade flows.This book, using plain language that makes it accessible to non-economists, offersa new perspective, describing some recent lines of research that throw lighton the key determinants and the main problems of the contemporary structureof international trade, such as power relations and the role of standards andnetworks. One of the aims is to show the crucial importance of non-economicforces - historical, political and technological - in shaping countries' tradeflows and countries' position in the international economic hierarchy.
Intra-Industry Trade
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Intra-Industry Trade calls for us to rethink what trade most often looks like and how it shapes global institutions, fostering peace among states. Cameron G. Thies and Timothy M. Peterson argue that our understanding of trade has not kept pace with its changing nature in the 21st century; existing models, rooted in Ricardo's theories, regard trade uniformly as taking place between entities and countries that offer different commodities and operate according to the logic of comparative advantage. Though this type of exchange does take place, intra-industry trade--international trade of the same or similar commodities, in which foreign and domestic brands compete--is increasingly prevalent. The authors argue that our current academic and policymaking focus on the total volume of trade, rather than its composition, is misplaced. Trade composition matters, not just because it gives us a fuller understanding of how trade works, but also because intra-industry trade increases the likelihood of positive institutional relations and cooperation between states. To illustrate their point, the authors examine the effects that intra-industry trade has on Preferential Trade Agreement formation, its tendency to lessen World Trade Organization disputes and militarized conflict, and its ability to pave the way for new and fortified alliances.
Global Resource Scarcity
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A common perception of global resource scarcity holds that it is inevitably a catalyst for conflict among nations; yet, paradoxically, incidents of such scarcity underlie some of the most important examples of international cooperation. This volume examines the wider potential for the experience of scarcity to promote cooperation in international relations and diplomacy beyond the traditional bounds of the interests of competitive nation states. The interdisciplinary background of the book's contributors shifts the focus of the analysis beyond narrow theoretical treatments of international relations and resource diplomacy to broader examinations of the practicalities of cooperation in the context of competition and scarcity. Combining the insights of a range of social scientists with those of experts in the natural and bio-sciences--many of whom work as 'resource practitioners' outside the context of universities--the book works through the tensions between 'thinking/theory' and 'doing/practice', which so often plague the process of social change. These encounters with scarcity draw attention away from the myopic focus on market forces and allocation, and encourage us to recognise more fully the social nature of the tensions and opportunities that are associated with our shared dependence on resources that are not readily accessible to all. The book brings together experts on theorising scarcity and those on the scarcity of specific resources. It begins with a theoretical reframing of both the contested concept of scarcity and the underlying dynamics of resource diplomacy. The authors then outline the current tensions around resource scarcity or degradation and examine existing progress towards cooperative international management of resources. These include food and water scarcity, mineral exploration and exploitation of the oceans. Overall, the contributors propose a more hopeful and positive engagement among the world's nations as they pursue the economic and social benefits derived from natural resources, while maintaining the ecological processes on which they depend.
Migration and Conflict in a Global Warming Era A Political Understanding of Climate Change
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Global Health for All
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Global Health for All trains a critical lens on global health to share the stories that global health's practices and logics tell about 20th and 21st century configurations of science and power. An ethnography on multiple scales, the book focuses on global health's key epistemic and therapeutic practices like localization, measurement, triage, markets, technology, care, and regulation. Its roving approach traverses policy centers, sites of intervention, and innumerable spaces in between to consider what happens when globalized logics, circulations, and actors work to imagine, modify, and manage health. By resting in these in-between places, Global Health for All simultaneously examines global health as a coherent system and as a dynamic, unpredictable collection of modular parts.
Global Health Governance in International Society
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In the 1980s, health was a marginal issue on the international political agenda, and it barely figured into donor states' foreign aid allocation. Within a generation, health had developed a robust set of governance structures that drive significant global political action, incorporate a wide range of actors, and receive increasing levels of funding. What explains this dramatic change over such a short period of time? Drawing on the English School of international relations theory, this book argues that global health has emerged as a secondary institution within international society. Rather than being a side issue, global health now occupies an important role. Addressing global health issues - financially, organizationally, and politically - is part of how actors demonstrate their willingness and ability to help realize their moral responsibility and obligation to others. In this way, it demonstrates how global health governance has emerged, grown, and persisted-even in the face of global economic challenges and inadequate responses to particular health crises. The book also shows how English School conceptions of international society would benefit from expanding their analytical gaze to address international economic issues and incorporate non-state actors. The book begins by building a case for using the English School to understand the role of global health governance before looking at global health governance's place in international society through case studies about the growth of development assistance for health, the international response to the Ebola outbreak, and China's role within the global health governance framework.
Rethinking Global Health Frameworks of Power
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century : A Living Document in a Changing World
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Security and Human Rights
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This is the second edition of the acclaimed Security and Human Rights, first published in 2007. Reconciling issues of security with a respect for fundamental human rights has become one of the key challenges facing governments throughout the world. The first edition broke the disciplinary confines in which security was often analysed before and after the events of 11 September 2001. The second edition continues in this tradition, presenting a collection of essays from leading academics and practitioners in the fields of criminal justice, public law, privacy law, international law, and critical social theory. The collection offers genuinely multidisciplinary perspectives on the relationship between security and human rights. In addition to exploring how the demands of security might be reconciled with the protection of established rights, Security and Human Rights provides fresh insight into the broader legal and political challenges that lie ahead as states attempt to control crime, prevent terrorism, and protect their citizens. The volume features a set of new essays that engage with the most pressing questions facing security and human rights in the twenty-first century and is essential reading for all those working in the area.
Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights
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Human Rights at Risk
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Human Rights at Risk brings together social scientists, legal scholars, and humanities scholars to analyze the policy challenges of human rights protection in the twenty-first century. The volume is organized based on three overarching themes that highlight the challenges and risks in international human rights: international institutions and global governance of human rights; thematic blind spots in human rights protection; and the human rights challenges of the United States as a global and domestic actor amidst the contemporary global shifts to authoritarianism and illiberal populism. One of the very few books that offer new perspectives that envision the future of transnational human rights norms and human dignity from a multidisciplinary perspective, Human Rights at Risk comprehensively examines the causes and consequences of the challenges faced by international human rights. Scholars, students, and policy practitioners who are interested in the challenges and reform prospects of the international human rights regime, United States foreign policy, and international institutions will find this multidisciplinary volume an invaluable guide to the state of global politics in the twenty-first century.
States, Human Rights, and Distant Strangers
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This book combines legal and philosophical perspectives to address the question of whether states are bound by human rights when they act with effects on people abroad--states' extraterritorial human rights obligations. Taking an innovative approach, it begins with a profound legal analysis of the issue at national, supranational, and international levels and then engages in depth with counterarguments against extraterritorially applying human rights, on the basis of which it develops its own ethical justificatory theory of extraterritorial human rights obligations. The book closes the circle by showing what the practical implications of this theory for the interpretation (and possible evolvement) of human rights law would be. In a world where critiques of, and resistance to, the general idea of universal human rights are on rise, the book contributes to closing the gap between judicial and normative perspectives on extraterritorial human rights obligations by inquiring into the ethical underpinnings of this topical legal challenge. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students in human rights, international law, and more broadly in political philosophy, philosophy of law, and international relations.
A Transnational Human Rights Approach to Human Trafficking
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In A Transnational Human Rights Approach to Human Trafficking: Empowering the Powerless, Yoon Jin Shin proposes an innovative approach to empower individuals victimized by human trafficking, one of the most serious human rights challenges in today's world of globalization and migration. Based on thorough empirical research and extensive comparative studies, Shin illuminates complex realities of migrant individuals experiencing trafficking situations and the problems of the current anti-trafficking regime driven by destination countries' self-interest in crime and border control. Shin suggests an alternative transnational human rights framework, in which victimized migrants, who have been treated as passive targets of victim-witness protection or immigration regulation, finally attain their true voices as empowered rights-holders and effectively exercise their human, civil, and labor rights. Shin received the 2014-2015 Ambrose Gherini Prize, the highest prize awarded in the field of International Law by Yale Law School, for her doctoral dissertation on which this book is based.
Frontiers in Organizing Processes Collaborating against Human Trafficking/Modern Slavery for Impact and Sustainability
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Human Trafficking Global History and Perspectives
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Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking
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Wretched Refuse?
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Economic arguments favoring increased immigration restrictions suggest that immigrants undermine the culture, institutions, and productivity of destination countries. But is this actually true? Nowrasteh and Powell systematically analyze cross-country evidence of potential negative effects caused by immigration relating to economic freedom, corruption, culture, and terrorism. They analyze case studies of mass immigration to the United States, Israel, and Jordan. Their evidence does not support the idea that immigration destroys the institutions responsible for prosperity in the modern world. This nonideological volume makes a qualified case for free immigration and the accompanying prosperity.
The Danger of Devaluing Immigrants
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Despite deep divisions on the issue of immigration, this book shows that immigration promotes economic innovation, expands the job market, and contributes to diversity and creativity in the United States. Immigration, as a conduit for bringing new talent, ideas, and inventions into the United States, is essential to the success and vitality of our economy and society. In this timely book, researched and written by the Immigration Book Project Team at Penn State University, immigration is approached from historical, economic, business, and sociological perspectives in order to argue that treatment of immigrants must reflect and applaud their critical roles in supporting and leading the economic, social, cultural, and political institutions of civil society. Approaching immigration as both a socioeconomic phenomenon and a matter of public policy, The Danger of Devaluing Immigrants offers demographics and statistics on workforce participation and job creation along with stories of individual immigrantS&Rsquo; contributions to the economy and society. It supports the idea that, when immigration is challenged in the political sphere, we must not lose sight of the valuable contributions that immigrants have made-and will continue to make-to our democracy.
No Human Is Illegal
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