"In-text" means citing the source of information in the body of the text, for example:
Every time you cite a source in your text there has to be a corresponding citation in the Works Cited page at the end of your essay or assignment.
Parenthetical citation is used with paraphrased or direct quote material which then has the "Author page number" at the end of the sentence in parentheses.
Use quotation marks to indicate the use of the author's exact words within your paragraph.
Example: The characters in this novel are "distinctly complex and extravagant" (Jones 115).
Example: Before chemical or synthetic fertilizers existed, "all food production worldwide was de facto organic" (Paarlberg 166).
A Paraphrase is when you take a paragraph that you have read and put it into your own words. You will still need to use an in-text citation as the ideas are not your own.
Example: The beginnings of the organic food movement can be traced back to the early twenty-first century in some European countries such as Austria and England (Paarlberg 58-61).
The author is mentioned in the sentence, page number in parentheses.
Example: In Food Politics, Robert Paarlberg states that "there are some examples of food aid altering the behavior of consumers in recipient countries" (55).
Example: Paarlberg emphasizes the fact that food aid creates dependency (56-61).
Websites are cited the same as other sources in-text, in the (Author page number).
If no author, follow the below guidelines:
Example
Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a memorable and influential film.
During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that need more attention.
Note: In the two examples above “Herzog” (a film’s director) and “Yates” (a presentor) lead the reader to the first item in each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:
Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.
Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Address.
An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted and include this source on your Works Cited page.
Example
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
There are four ways to use other people's ideas. Three of them (summary, paraphrase, quotation) are ethical; the fourth is plagiarism. This video uses exampled from Melville's Moby Dick to illustrate the three approved ways to use other people's ideas that won't get you in trouble with your professor.