Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a bibliography.
Here are nine quick rules for this list:
Assemble your paper in the following order:
Use Times New Roman, Size 12 (unless otherwise instructed).
Your margins should be 1 inch on all sides.
Indent new paragraphs by one-half inch.
Spacing
Double-space the main text of your paper.
Single-space the footnotes and bibliography.
Start numbering your pages on the second page of your paper (don't include the title page).
Put your page numbers in the header of the first page of text (skip the title page), beginning with page number 1. Continue numbering your pages to the end of the bibliography.
Place the footnote number at the end of the sentence in which you have quoted or paraphrased information from another source. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed after any punctuation.
Put your footnotes in the footer section of the page.
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source.
summary annotation focuses on description and describes the source by answering the following questions:
An evaluative annotation includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.
Each time you refer to a source in your writing, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary, you must include a corresponding footnote that provides bibliographic information about the original source.
Whenever you refer to material from a source, you must insert a "footnote number" at the end of the paraphrased section or direct quotation. This directs readers to a corresponding footnote (with the same footnote number) at the bottom of the page on which the reference to the source is made. The first footnote number will be 1, the second will be 2, and so on. In the body of your text you use superscript (like this1) for the footnote number, while in the footnote you use a regular number followed by a period.
Quoting is using the exact words from another text in your research paper as it was originally written. When quoting, place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. You must include a footnote number at end of the quotation and a footnote at the bottom of the page.
Paraphrasing is restating a part of a text using your own words but keeping the original meaning. You must include a footnote number at end of the paraphrased section and a footnote at the bottom of the page.
"Here's a direct quote."1
The outcome of Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia "will help ensure that no company can come into First Nations territory to log, mine, or explore for oil and gas without seeking agreement."1
___________
1. Annette Sorensen and Scott van Dyk, Indigenous Perspectives on Business Ethics and Business Law in British Columbia (BCCampus, 2022), chap. 12, https://opentextbc.ca/indigenousperspectivesbusiness/.
This is a paraphrase.1
Research suggests that volunteers who are given detailed suggestions of how many hours to volunteer each week, in order to meet the overall time commitment requirements, end up volunteering more hours than those who were only given vague suggestions.1
___________
1. Aneesh Rai et al., "Accomplishing Big Goals," Scientific American, May 2024, Academic Search Ultimate.
Note: This source has no page numbers, so page numbers are left out of the footnote.
What Is a Long Quotation?
If your quotation is longer than five lines, or more than 100 words, it is a considered a long quotation. This can also be referred to as a block quotation. Long quotations should be single-spaced, with a blank line inserted before and after the quotation to separate it from the rest of your text.
There are 3 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:
The logic used by conservationists to justify the protection--or destruction--of non-human life tends to be quite fragile:
Conservation has as its aim the independent flourishing of nonhuman life, but in reality, non-human abundance that is not engineered by human society invites responses of suppression. Ambivalence toward autonomous nonhuman flourishing can be seen in dominant conservationist responses to those animals that do manage to thrive in the human-dominated landscapes that characterize today’s Earth. Such organisms are more often than not reviled and suppressed as pests, invasive species, vectors of disease, or simply not 'valuable.'1
___________
1. Krithika Srinivasan and Rosemary Collard, "Nature Without Conservation," Current History 122, no. 847 (2023): 293.
In Chicago style, the first time you cite a particular source you must provide a full footnote citation. If you refer to the same source again in your paper, you do not need to repeat the same full citation. Instead, you provide a shortened version of the footnote, which includes enough information for the reader to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier footnote.
Shortened footnotes should include the author’s last name, a shortened version of the title (if longer than four words), and any other directing information, such as page numbers (when available).