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Chicago/Turabian Style

Need help with formatting citations? Use this brief guide to Chicago/Turabian Style.

Citing Sources

More information in Notes section at the bottom of the page.

Book with One Author

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition. Publisher, Year.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition (Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Book with Two Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition. Publisher, Year.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition (Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Books with Three or More Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition. Publisher, Year.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition (Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Book with Editor(s) but No Author

Bibliography Entry:

Editor's Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition. Publisher, Year.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Editor's First Name Last Name, ed., Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition (Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Ebook from a Library Database

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition. Publisher, Year. Name of Library Database.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition (Publisher, Year), Page Number, Name of Library Database.

Ebook from a Website

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition. Publisher, Year. URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition (Publisher, Year), Page Number, URL.

Chapter, Short Story, or Essay from a Book

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter, Short Story, or Essay." In Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name. Publisher, Year.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Chapter, Short Story, or Essay," in Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition, ed. Editor's First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year), Page Number(s).

Notes:

  • If the book that you are citing was published before the year 1900, provide the City of Publication instead of the Publisher in your citation.
  • When citing a book with multiple authors, only the first-listed name gets inverted (i.e. Last Name, First Name) in the Bibliography entry.
  • List up to six authors in the bibliography. If there are more than six authors, list only the first three in the bibliography, followed by et al. ("and others").
  • When citing a book with multiple authors, only the first-listed name gets inverted (i.e. Last Name, First Name) in the Bibliography entry.
  • If the book has more than one editor, use the abbreviation "eds." instead of "ed."
  • If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the footnotes, if any (or simply omit).
  • If the eBook is in a fixed-page format that exactly matches the print version, you can cite it as you would a print book.
  • For a chapter, short story, or essay from a book, in your Footnote, cite specific page(s). You do not need to include the full page range of the chapter in your Bibliography Entry. 

More information in Notes section at the bottom of the page.

Journal Article from Library Database

One Author

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Two Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Three to Six Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, Fourth Author's First Name Last Name, Fifth Author's First Name Last Name, and Sixth Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Six or More Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name et al. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Print Journal Article

One Author

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

Two Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

Three to Six Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, Fourth Author's First Name Last Name, Fifth Author's First Name Last Name, and Sixth Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

Six or More Authors

Bibliography Entry:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name et al. "Title of Article." Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation.

Notes:

  • If your journal article does not have both a volume and an issue number, include the month or season of publication before the year. 
  • For articles from a library database, whenever possible, include the DOI number for the article rather than the database name. If there is no DOI number, use the name of the database instead of the URL generated by the article's "Permalink" icon or shown in the browser's address bar.
  • List up to six authors in the bibliography. If there are more than six authors, list only the first three in the bibliography, followed by et al. ("and others").
  • If your journal article has more than six authors, list only the first three in the bibliography, followed by et al. ("and others").

More information in Notes section at the bottom of the page.

Website with Known Author

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Website. Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website]. Date of Publication or Modification or Access. URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Website, Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website], Date of Publication or Modification or Access, URL. 

Page or Document on a Website with Known Author

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page or Document." Title of Website. Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website]. Date of Publication or Modification or Access. URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Page or Document," Title of Website, Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website], Date of Publication or Modification or Access, URL. 

Wikipedia

Bibliography Entry:

Wikipedia, "Title of Entry." Last modified Month Day, Year. Time stamp (Abbreviated Time Zone). URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Wikipedia, "Title of Entry," last modified Month Day, Year, Time stamp (Abbreviated Time Zone), URL.

Note: Time stamp refers to the time the article was last modified. The date and time the article was last modified appear at the bottom of each Wikipedia article.

Blog Post

Bibliography Entry:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Blog Post." Title of Blog (blog). Name of Publication [if blog is part of a larger publication], Date of Post. URL. 

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Blog Post," Title of Blog (blog), Name of Publication [if blog is part of a larger publication], Date of Post, URL.

Notes

  • From Purdue Online Writing Lab: "The author of a piece of web content is often not immediately clear. If a name is given, use the name as you would in any other source. If the content is published under a screen name, internet handle, or pseudonym, and the author’s real name is not available, use this in place of the author’s name. You may also use the name of the publishing organization when the webpage has no listed author but is associated with some sort of corporation, association, or professional group. When a web page's author cannot be determined and there is no clear publishing organization, simply list the title first. Use the first letter of the first word in the title that is not an article (i.e., "a," "an," or "the") to determine the entry's alphabetical order in the bibliography. So, for instance, if the title of the page is "A Guide to Baking Apple Pies," "G" should be treated as the first letter for alphabetization purposes."
  • Footnotes are required for content from webpages and websites, but bibliography entries are optional. If you are required to include a bibliography entry for the webpage or website that you are citing, use the formatting outlined here.
  • If your webpage or website is a formally published source (such as an eBook, an article from an electronic newspaper or magazine, or an online journal article), follow the citation guidelines for that specific category of resource.
  • Content on websites will either have a publication date, a date last modified or updated, or have no date. If there is no date, you must include the date you accessed the website.
  • Chicago 18th does not require a bibliography entry for blog posts; only a footnote is required. However, if you are required to include a bibliography entry in your assignment for a blog post that you are citing, use the formatting outlined above.
  • Add (blog) after the title of the blog unless the word "blog" is already included in the title.

Streaming Video from a Free Website (Ex: YouTube):

Bibliography Entry:

Main Contributor's Last Name, First Name, role. "Title of Video." Genre of Video. Additional Contributor(s) [if relevant]. Produced by Name of Producer. Recorded Month Day, Year. Posted Month Day, Year, by Username [if different from Name of Video Creator]. Name of Website. Running Time, URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Main Contributor's First Name Last Name, role, "Title of Video," genre of video, Additional Contributor(s) [if relevant], produced by Name of Producer, recorded Month Day, Year, posted Month Day, Year, by Username [if different from Name of Video Creator], Name of Website, Running Time, URL.

Notes:

  • Omit any citation elements that you do not know.
  • If the video has only one major creator or contributor, begin your citation with their name and role, and skip the Additional Creators element.
  • If there are multiple contributors, skip the Main Contributor element, and begin your citation with the title instead. This applies to the bibliography entry and the footnote.
  • For the Genre of Video part of your citation, give a one- to two-word description of the type of video you are citing. Examples include (but are not limited to): "Advertisement," "Interview," or "TED Talk."
  • The names of Additional Contributors, and the Producer's name, can often be found in the video and video description. If you are unable to find these details, simply leave them out of the citation. Do not make something up.
  • If you do not have a date for when the video was posted or modified, include the date of access instead.

Episode from a Podcast:

Bibliography Entry:

Host's Last Name, First Name, host. "Title of Podcast Episode." Produced by Producer Name. Name of Podcast. Date of Episode. Podcast, File Format [if downloaded and not played in a web browser], Running Time. Time Stamp [if referencing a specific section of the episode]. URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Host's First Name Last Name, host, "Title of Podcast Episode," Date of Episode, in Name of Podcast, produced by Producer Name, podcast, File Format [if downloaded and not played in a web browser], Running Time, Time Stamp [if referencing a specific section of the episode], URL.

Streaming Video from a Library Database (Ex: Kanopy):

Bibliography Entry:

Main Contributor's Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Video. Additional Contributor(s) [if relevant]. Studio/Distributor. Date of Release. Medium. Name of Database, Running Time.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Main Contributor's First Name Last Name, role, Title of Video, Additional Contributor(s) [if relevant], Studio/Distributor, Date of Release, Medium, Name of Database, Running Time.

Notes:

  • Typically films, television episodes, and other performances have many contributors. After the title, list the contributors most relevant to your project. Most common contributors listed include directors, creators, and performers.  
  • If the video has only one major creator or contributor, begin your citation with their name and role, and skip the Additional Creators element.
  • If there are multiple contributors, skip the Main Contributor element, and begin your citation with the title instead. This applies to the bibliography entry and the footnote.
  • When the main contributor is a director, the name is followed by the abbreviation dir. in the bibliography entry.

Film from a Subscription-Based Platform (Ex: Netflix):

Bibliography Entry:

Main Contributor's Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Film. Additional Contributors [if relevant]. Studio/Distributor, Year. Name of Streaming Service.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Main Contributor's First Name Last Name, role, Title of Film, Additional Contributors [if relevant] (Studio/Distributor, Year), Name of Streaming Service.

Notes:

  • Typically films, television episodes, and other performances have many contributors. List the contributor(s) most relevant to your project. Most common contributors listed include directors, creators, and performers. 
  • If the video has only one major creator or contributor, begin your citation with their name and role, and skip the Additional Creators element.
  • If there are multiple contributors, skip the Main Contributor element, and begin your citation with the title instead. This applies to the bibliography entry and the footnote.
  • When the main contributor is a director, the name is followed by the abbreviation dir. in the bibliography entry.

Television Series Episode:

Bibliography Entry:

Main Contributor's Last Name, First Name, role. Title of TV Show. Season number, episode number, "Title of Episode." Additional Contributors [if relevant]. Aired Month Day, Year, on Network. URL or Name of Streaming Service if Login Required for Viewing.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Main Contributor's First Name Last Name, role, Title of TV Show, season number, episode number, "Title of Episode," Additional Contributor(s) [if relevant], aired Month Day, Year, on Network, URL or Name of Streaming Service if Login Required for Viewing.

Notes:

  • Typically films, television episodes, and other performances have many contributors. List the contributor(s) most relevant to your project. Most common contributors listed include directors, creators, and performers.
  • If the video has only one major creator or contributor, begin your citation with their name and role, and skip the Additional Creators element. If there are multiple contributors, skip the Main Contributor element, and begin your citation with the title instead. This applies to the bibliography entry and the footnote.
  • When the main contributor is a director, the name is followed by the abbreviation dir. in the bibliography entry.

AI-Generated Videos and Audio:

Bibliography Entry:

The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition, does not recommend adding a bibliography entry unless you are able to include a publicly available URL. As of September 23, 2024, this is not possible for videos created by Clip Creator (the AI tool used in the examples below), because they require a login in order to be viewed.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Video/Audio generated by Name of AI Tool version if applicable, Company or Creator of AI Tool, Month Day, Year.

Shortened Footnote:

Footnote Number. Name of AI Tool version if applicable, Month Day, Year.

More information in Notes section at the bottom of the page.

General Guidelines for Citing Artwork:

When citing artwork, include as much of the following information as you know:

  • Title of Artwork (in italics) or a description if there is no title (not in italics)
  • Date when artwork was created or completed
  • Artwork medium
  • Location of artwork
  • Museum accession number (often listed as a Reference Number or Object Number)
  • For works consulted online, a URL

If you have other relevant information about the artwork, such as the size, include that as well. 

Image of Artwork from a Book:

Bibliography Entry:

Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork or description if no title. Date of Creation or Completion. Medium of artwork, size of artwork. Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located, Name of City [if not already stated in Name of Institution]. In Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, by Book Author's First Name Last Name, page number, fig. Figure Number. Publisher, Year.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Artist's First Name Last Name, Title of Artwork or description if no title, Date of Creation or Completion, medium of artwork, size of artwork, Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located, Name of City [if not already stated in Name of Institution], in Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, edition if given and is not first edition, by Book Author's First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year), page number, fig. Figure Number.

Image of Artwork from an Online Source:

Bibliography Entry:

Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork or description if no title. Date of Creation or Completion. Medium of artwork, size of artwork. Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located, Name of City [if not already stated in Name of Institution]. Title of Website. Museum Accession Number. URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Artist's First Name Last Name, Title of Artwork or description if no title, Date of Creation or Completion, medium of artwork, size of artwork, Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located, Name of City [if not already stated in Name of Institution], Title of Website, Museum Accession Number, URL.

Image from a Specialized Database or Online Image Library:

Bibliography Entry:

Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Image or description if no title. Date of Creation or Completion. Medium of artwork, size of artwork. Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located, Name of City [if not already stated in Name of Institution]. Name of Database or Online Image Library. Museum Accession Number. URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Artist's First Name Last Name, Title of Image or description if no title, Date of Creation or Completion, medium of artwork, size of artwork, Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located, Name of City [if not already stated in Name of Institution], Name of Database or Online Image Library, Museum Accession Number, URL.

Image from an Image Sharing Site (Ex: Imgur):

Bibliography Entry:

Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Image or description if no title. Date When Image Was Taken or Published. Medium of artwork, size of artwork. Name of Image Sharing Site. URL.

Footnote:

Footnote Number. Artist's First Name Last Name, Title of Image or description if no title, Date When Image Was Taken or Published, medium of artwork, size of artwork, Name of Image Sharing Site, URL.

Images Generated using AI:

Bibliography Entry:

The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition, does not recommend adding a bibliography entry for images generated using AI.

Captions and Footnotes:

If you insert an image generated by DALL-E or other AI tools into your assignment, include a caption or footnote underneath the image. Use the following formatting:

Caption:

Fig. Number. Image generated by DALL-E version number, Month Day, Year, from the prompt “Full text of prompt.”

Notes:

  • If a book has an editor instead of an author, use the editor's name, and replace "by" with "edited by".
  • Omit any citation elements that you do not know, such as the medium or size.
  • Omit the title of a website if it is the same as the institution name.