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This up-to-date work presents basic concepts and recent advances in amino acid biochemistry and nutrition, providing comprehensive coverage of developments over the past 45 years. It includes information on absorption, metabolism, and excretion of amino acids while addressing protein quality and requirements. The text discusses metabolic pathways of amino acids in relation to health and disease in various organisms, as well as species differences in metabolism of amino acids. The author also presents a critical analysis of amino acid supplementation to humans and animals.
Biochemistry by
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical compositions of living organisms and of the chemical reactions that occur within them. This field of chemistry also studies the structure and function of biomolecules, as well as the process of gene replication and expression. Biochemistry introduces readers to the fundamentals of a highly interesting science that has recently experienced explosive growth and attracted much popular attention. Providing a detailed overview for those wishing to familiarize themselves rapidly with core concepts, this accessible title describes in straightforward language the most important developments and achievements in the field, identifies key ideas, and covers the essentials for anyone looking for a concise review of the modern aspects of biochemistry.
Instant Notes in Biochemistry by
BIOS Instant Notes in Biochemistry, Fourth Edition, is the perfect text for undergraduates looking for a concise introduction to the subject, or a study guide to use before examinations. Each topic begins with a summary of essential facts-an ideal revision checklist-followed by a description of the subject that focuses on core information, with clear, simple diagrams that are easy for students to understand and recall in essays and exams. BIOS Instant Notes in Biochemistry, Fourth Edition, is fully up-to-date and covers: Cells Amino acids and proteins Studying proteins Enzymes Membranes and cell signalling DNA structure and replication RNA synthesis and processing Protein synthesis Recombinant DNA technology Carbohydrate metabolism Lipid metabolism Respiration and energy Nitrogen metabolism
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Students need exposure to cases from an early stage. This book presents 50 clinical cases emphasising the basic science aspects of microbiology, traditionally one of the most difficult basic science subjects. Each case includes an extended discussion, key points, and comprehension questions.
Schaum's Outline of Biochemistry by
Taking you through biochemistry, this title features sections on whole-body metabolism, enzyme kinetics, and technologies for monitoring metabolic processes.
Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th Edition by
The biochemistry text that every medical student must own--now in full color! Comprehensive, concise, and up-to-date,Harper'sis unrivaled in its ability to clarify the link between biochemistry and the molecular basis of health and disease. The Twenty-Eighth Edition has undergone sweeping changes -- including a conversion to full-color artwork and the substantial revision and updating of every chapter -- all to reflect the latest advances in knowledge and technology and to make the text as up-to-date and clinically relevant as possible. Combining outstanding full-color illustrations with integrated coverage of biochemical diseases and clinical information,Harper's Illustrated Biochemistryoffers an organization and clarity not found in any other text on the subject. Striking just the right balance between detail and brevity,Harpers Illustrated Biochemistryis essential for USMLE review and is the single best reference for learning the clinical relevance of a biochemistry topic. NEWto this edition: Full-color presentation, including 600+ illustrations Every chapter opens with a Summary of the Biomedical Importance and concludes with a Summary reviewing the topics covered Two all-new chapters: "Free Radicals and Antioxidant Nutrients" and "Biochemical Case Histories" which offers an extensive presentation of 16 clinical conditions A new appendix containing basic clinical laboratory results and an updated one with a list of important websites and online journals NEW or updated coverage of important topics including the Human Genome Project and computer-aided drug delivery
Element : a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reaction eg carbon, gold. Everything in the universe is made of 92 different elements. Living things contain a maximum of 25 elements.
Important biological elements :
These four are the most important, making up about 96% of the body:
Carbon C Oxygen O
Hydrogen H Nitrogen N
Most of the rest of the body is made up of the next 4 elements:
Calcium Ca Phosphorus P
Potassium K Sulfur S
Compound - two or more elements joined by chemical bonds eg salt, water, plastic.
Atom - the smallest unit of an element. An atom is made up of three particles:
Particle Location Weight Charge Proton Nucleus 1 dalton (amu) + 1 Neutron Nucleus 1 dalton (amu) 0 Electron Shells 1/2000 dalton (amu) - 1
Atomic number = Number of Protons per atom. Atomic number also equals the number of electrons. Elements are often shown in the Periodic Table which arranges them in order of the atomic number (Hydrogen = 1, Helium = 2 etc).
Example : Carbon (atomic number of 6) has 6 protons and 6 electrons.
Atomic mass = Number of Protons + Neutrons.
Example: carbon 14 has 8 neutrons (14 minus 6 )
Isotopes - atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons.
Radioactive atoms : large isotopes that break apart, releasing energy. The energy is either:
Alpha particles : weak, cannot penetrate paper
Beta particles : stronger, can penetrate paper but not metal
Gamma rays : very strong, can penetrate metal and harm living things
Radioactive atoms can be used to:
a) Track chemicals in the body
b) Work out the age of fossils. Radiocarbon dating method
c) Track the movement of individual animals (eg butterflies). Murder
Chemical bonds only involve electrons. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer shell of an atom. When they form chemical bonds, all atoms try to fill their valence shell of electrons.
Maximum number of electrons per shell :
Strong acid : pH 0 - 3
Weak acid : pH 4 - 6
Neutral : ph 7
Weak base : pH 8 - 11
Strong base : pH 12 - 14
Examples :
Rainfall: Natural (unpolluted) rain : pH 5.5
Florida rain : pH 4.5
NE US rain : pH 3.5
Last edited January 2015, by David Byres, David.Byres@fscj.edu